Eight Principles of the New Public Administration —A Brief Review of The Spirit of Public Administration

In the book The Spirit of Public Administration, devoted to the search for the soul and spirit of public administration, the eight principles of public administration put forward by the Frederickson in the last chapter deserve careful study and reflection. After learning the author’s background and reading the complete book, I found that these eight principles not only link all the chapters and contents of the book, but also run through Frederickson’s research on the theory of new public administration. After each principle, I will add my own understanding to restore the author’s original intention as much as possible. From the perspective of civil service administrative practice and specific operations, we will conduct a more in-depth discussion on issues such as public, fairness, justice, law, and administrative discretion. It is hoped that public servants can have a deeper understanding of the spirit of public administration in their specific work and achieve a good vision of combining theory with practice

Intelligent Segment Routing: Toward Load Balancing with Limited Control Overheads

Segment routing has been a novel architecture for traffic engineering in recent years. However, segment routing brings control overheads, i.e., additional packets headers should be inserted. The overheads can greatly reduce the forwarding efficiency for a large network, when segment headers become too long. To achieve the best of two targets, we propose the intelligent routing scheme for traffic engineering (IRTE), which can achieve load balancing with limited control overheads. To achieve optimal performance, we first formulate the problem as a mapping problem that maps different flows to key diversion points. Second, we prove the problem is nondeterministic polynomial (NP)-hard by reducing it to a k-dense subgraph problem. To solve this problem, we develop an ant colony optimization algorithm as improved ant colony optimization (IACO), which is widely used in network optimization problems. We also design the load balancing algorithm with diversion routing (LBA-DR), and analyze its theoretical performance. Finally, we evaluate the IRTE in different real-world topologies, and the results show that the IRTE outperforms traditional algorithms, e.g., the maximum bandwidth is 24.6% lower than that of traditional algorithms when evaluating on BellCanada topology

Inflammatory bowel disease and prostate cancer risk: a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis

BackgroundPrevious epidemiological observational studies have reported an association between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and prostate cancer (PCa), but the causality is inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the causality of IBD on PCa using the mendelian randomization (MR) analysis.MethodsWe performed a two-sample MR analysis with public genome-wide association studies (GWAS) data. Eligible instrumental variables (IVs) were selected according to the three assumptions of MR analysis. The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was the main method. Complementary methods included the MR-Egger regression, the Weighted Median, the Simple Mode, the Weighted Mode and MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO) methods.ResultsGenetically determined IBD did not have a causal effect on PCa (IVW P > 0.05). Additionally, there was no causal effect of Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) on PCa in the MR analysis (IVW P > 0.05). Results of complementary methods were consistent with those of the IVW method.ConclusionsThis study does not support a causal association of IBD on PCa, which is in contrast to most observational studies